Sunday, January 31, 2010
UNIVERSITY OF SAINT LA SALLE
BACOLOD CITY
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE READING NO. 2 (MIDTERM)
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in the course General Science III
Submitted by:
TOLENTINO, Jim Austin M.
ABCO2 – A
Submitted to:
DR. JESSICA VILLAROSA
GenSci3
SUMMARY
In order to prevent the spread of addiction and the negative effects of alcohol and caffeine use, the Food and Drugs Administration has cautioned manufacturers against the addition of caffeine to alcoholic beverages. Studies show that addiction to such drinks prevail in college students by as much as 26 percent, hindering daily activities of learning and studying.
Unless a substance can be considered GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe), excluding caffeine in alcoholic drinks, it will be, of course deemed unsafe by the Food and Drug Administration. As of now, the FDA has only approved the addition of caffeine in soft drinks with only 200 ppm. Any alcoholic beverage with caffeine is not approved.
The FDA has issued memoranda on manufacturers to present their rationale on the presence of caffeine in their non-soft drink products. Otherwise, their products will be removed from the marketplace. Two alcoholic beverage manufacturers have already complied with the said enforcement namely Anheuser-Busch and Miller and Tilt and Bud Extra and Sparks in the past year.
It was with a letter from 18 attorney generals and one city general that the FDA found about this growing concern of local healthcare officers, most especially on the welfare of college students.
REACTION
Alcohol had been a constant presence in the culture of the world. It is associated with fulfillment, merry-making, achievements and goodwill. But it had always presented negative sides like its main effect which is intoxication and logical incapacity while under the influence. It is, of course, resolved with the enforcement of moderate drinking. Whenever there is moderation, drinking, or whatever substance intake is OK.
Now comes the inclusion of caffeine in alcoholic beverages. Alcohol in itself influences the mind, making it go fuzzy, but caffeine is a known stimulant, like that of coffee. Now that’s a totally different story. Here comes again man’s tendency to try and justify his actions, not by stopping that which he does, but by offering a twisted, if not another wrong decision. Such is the addition of caffeine in alcoholic beverage, which of course, will defy the original purpose of alcohol which deteriorates the functioning with a stimulant like caffeine.
We should take note that while students enjoy alcohol as it can deviate themselves from the pressure of study from time to time, coffee is more patronized by working individuals who need more waking time and energy to go with their work. It can seldom go around, but it is more commonly this way. Now, the addition of caffeine into alcoholic beverages will make more ways into which college students and working people intoxicate themselves with substances, deviating from the traditional ways of keeping up with man’s demands. It’s a good thing the FDA started making up for man’s recklessness by regulating the sale of caffeinated alcoholic beverages. It doesn’t even sound good in itself anyway.
REFERENCE
Herndon, M. (2009, November 30). FDA To Look Into Safety of Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages
Agency Sends Letters to Nearly 30 Manufacturers. Retrieved January 4, 2010, from US Food and Drug Administration website: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2009/ucm190427.htm
BACOLOD CITY
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE READING NO. 2 (MIDTERM)
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in the course General Science III
Submitted by:
TOLENTINO, Jim Austin M.
ABCO2 – A
Submitted to:
DR. JESSICA VILLAROSA
GenSci3
SUMMARY
In order to prevent the spread of addiction and the negative effects of alcohol and caffeine use, the Food and Drugs Administration has cautioned manufacturers against the addition of caffeine to alcoholic beverages. Studies show that addiction to such drinks prevail in college students by as much as 26 percent, hindering daily activities of learning and studying.
Unless a substance can be considered GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe), excluding caffeine in alcoholic drinks, it will be, of course deemed unsafe by the Food and Drug Administration. As of now, the FDA has only approved the addition of caffeine in soft drinks with only 200 ppm. Any alcoholic beverage with caffeine is not approved.
The FDA has issued memoranda on manufacturers to present their rationale on the presence of caffeine in their non-soft drink products. Otherwise, their products will be removed from the marketplace. Two alcoholic beverage manufacturers have already complied with the said enforcement namely Anheuser-Busch and Miller and Tilt and Bud Extra and Sparks in the past year.
It was with a letter from 18 attorney generals and one city general that the FDA found about this growing concern of local healthcare officers, most especially on the welfare of college students.
REACTION
Alcohol had been a constant presence in the culture of the world. It is associated with fulfillment, merry-making, achievements and goodwill. But it had always presented negative sides like its main effect which is intoxication and logical incapacity while under the influence. It is, of course, resolved with the enforcement of moderate drinking. Whenever there is moderation, drinking, or whatever substance intake is OK.
Now comes the inclusion of caffeine in alcoholic beverages. Alcohol in itself influences the mind, making it go fuzzy, but caffeine is a known stimulant, like that of coffee. Now that’s a totally different story. Here comes again man’s tendency to try and justify his actions, not by stopping that which he does, but by offering a twisted, if not another wrong decision. Such is the addition of caffeine in alcoholic beverage, which of course, will defy the original purpose of alcohol which deteriorates the functioning with a stimulant like caffeine.
We should take note that while students enjoy alcohol as it can deviate themselves from the pressure of study from time to time, coffee is more patronized by working individuals who need more waking time and energy to go with their work. It can seldom go around, but it is more commonly this way. Now, the addition of caffeine into alcoholic beverages will make more ways into which college students and working people intoxicate themselves with substances, deviating from the traditional ways of keeping up with man’s demands. It’s a good thing the FDA started making up for man’s recklessness by regulating the sale of caffeinated alcoholic beverages. It doesn’t even sound good in itself anyway.
REFERENCE
Herndon, M. (2009, November 30). FDA To Look Into Safety of Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages
Agency Sends Letters to Nearly 30 Manufacturers. Retrieved January 4, 2010, from US Food and Drug Administration website: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2009/ucm190427.htm
Saturday, January 30, 2010
Tuesday, January 12, 2010
character sketches on the video script
May is the main character. She is the second child and first daughter of Ernest and Grace. She was born without both her legs and feet. She will appear as a baby, a fourteen year-old and an eighteen year-old in the story.
Grace is May's mother, who, because of the Republic of China's one-child policy, tried to induce miscarriage during her pregnancy with abortion pills at the cost of her baby's both legs and feet.
Ernest is the head of the family. He showed little concern for May and the rest of the family. His only concern is the eldest child and only son Ray.
Ray is May's elder brother. He brought May to the airport before she left for the Philippines.
Jade is Ernest's mother who secretly took concern for May. She signed up May for scholarships abroad and found one in a boarding school in the Philippines.
Sir Dick teaches piano at the boarding school. He took a certain interest in May's determination to succeed despite her insecurities and fears.
Grace is May's mother, who, because of the Republic of China's one-child policy, tried to induce miscarriage during her pregnancy with abortion pills at the cost of her baby's both legs and feet.
Ernest is the head of the family. He showed little concern for May and the rest of the family. His only concern is the eldest child and only son Ray.
Ray is May's elder brother. He brought May to the airport before she left for the Philippines.
Jade is Ernest's mother who secretly took concern for May. She signed up May for scholarships abroad and found one in a boarding school in the Philippines.
Sir Dick teaches piano at the boarding school. He took a certain interest in May's determination to succeed despite her insecurities and fears.
video script
SEQ 01 EXT STREET IN FRONT OF JADE'S HOUSE MORNING
Jade and Ernest transfer pots from the doorstep to their minivan for delivery
JADE:
You'd think people had better things to gossip about. Three more sightings of the so-called private army police and things are getting more and more out of hand. My god.
Ernest drops a vase and it shatters. He walks away to get a broom. He arrives back with a broom and a dustpan. He starts sweeping the fine parts and picking up the bigger parts.
JADE:
Our clay gets more and more brittle every year. I hope Ray still gets to go on with the family enterprise in this situation.
ERNEST:
I think I want something else for him. I don't want him stuck here like me. Especially with the one-kid policy, it wouldn't be easy for him to manage this alone, with no brothers or sisters to help him.
SEQ 02 INT RAY'S BEDROOM SIMULTANEOUSLY
Grace fingers the pregnancy test kit. CU of the PT kit showing a positive. She sobs and the baby sobs with her. Grace hushes up, rocks the baby until he stops sobbing. She takes a brown bottle from a cabinet and examines it.
SEQ 03 INT MUSIC ROOM 14 YEARS LATER, AFTERNOON
May practices for her piano recital. She commits a mistake, stops right there and tries that specific measure again. CU of her keyboard attack.
SIR DICK:
There is a sharp on the third note there. And it's not supposed to be very heavily accented.
MAY:
Right, Sir thank you.
SEQ 04 INT ERNEST & GRACE'S LIVING ROOM AFTERNOON - FLASHBACK
Grace is seated on the living room with May. May sobs, and looks down on the floor. She looks up to her mother, tears glistening in her eyes.
MAY:
(sobbing)
Why can't I be loved like Ray is loved? I cant feel loved here! I FEEL LIKE A DISEASE!!! It's not anybody's fault I don't have my both of my legs! It's me who should get even more attention! Why do you neglect me?!
GRACE:
(indifferently)
Somebody wanted this, of course. It wouldn't happen without somebody wanting it. Well, for your information, it was me. I never wanted you. YOU WERE A MISTAKE! Now you stay in the house and not go anywhere, OR YOU LEAVE PERMANENTLY!
SEQ 05 INT MUSIC ROOM AFTERNOON - BACK TO THE PRESENT
May pounds the piano seat. She makes the same mistake again.
MAY:
(sighing)
Urgh.
SIR DICK:
Take it easy, May; you still have four weeks before the recital. You'll be fine. I know it. Relax.
SEQ 06 INT MAY'S ROOM MORNING - FLASHBACK
May is locked in her room. She pounds on the door.
MAY:
(sobbing)
Why can't I go to school?! MOTHER! Please let me out, I want to go to school! Please! HAVE MERCY!!!
SEQ 07 INT MUSIC ROOM AFTERNOON - BACK TO THE PRESENT
May is already alone in the room. She continues practicing, skips the part she misses and goes on until she commits another mistake.
SEQ 08 INT LIVING ROOM MORNING - FLASHBACK
Tha family sits around. May's bags are packed and are beside her seat. She sobs.
GRACE:
You want to do what you want to do, huh? You wanna follow your dreams? You dare go against what we wanted? Then leave - YOU UNGRATEFUL CHILD!!!
SEQ 09 EXT AIRPORT MORNING - FLASHBACK
May, on her wheelchair, waits for boarding. Ray arrives with food. He hands them over.
RAY:
If you ever get hungry on the trip. Take extra care, sis. Here's the business card of the boarding school. They're waiting for you there. Grandma took care of everything.
MAY:
Tell her I'm grateful, and that I love her. I love you too, brother.
RAY:
Till we meet again, sis. Take care of yourself. I love you. Keep the faith.
V.O.: PUBLIC ADDRESS ANNOUNCING BOARDING
SEQ 10 INT MUSIC ROOM AFTERNOON - BACK TO THE PRESENT
May smiles; she gets it correctly the second time. She proceeds with the song.
SEQ 11 INT FUNCTION HALL NIGHT - FLASHBACK
May, in her wheelchair, moves to the stage with other foreign students. People come forward and shake their hands.
SEQ 12 INT CLASSROOM AFTERNOON - FLASHBACK
May answers to the instructor's question.
MAY:
...With that in mind, Sir, we can absolutely say that the incident brought some fruit to the family. They may never have the money back, but the situation brought them closer together as a family and strengthened their bond. It also brought them closer to God - and that, I think, is far more important than the money they lost.
INSTRUCTOR:
Thank you, May, that was well said.
SEQ 13 INT AUDITORIUM NIGHT - FLASHBACK
May, in her graduation gown, moves to Sir Dick and offers her hand. Sir Dick accepts and shakes it vigorously.
SIR DICK:
Congratulations May, you made it. But don't forget about our piano recital next month, OK? I count on you to show them all the our music department rocks.
MAY:
Of course, Sir, after everything you did for me, you have my word that I'd do my best for that night.
SEQ 14 INT MUSIC ROOM AFTERNOON - PRESENT
May finishes practicing, tidies up and moves out, smiling.
MAY:
(to herself)
There still is time. Four weeks to go.
SEQ 15 INT FUNCTION HALL NIGHT - ONE MONTH LATER
May plays fantasie impromptu on the piano. She nears the end and happiness radiates on her face. She finishes with a powerful accent in the last few notes. She closes her eyes and smiles.
(applause)
Jade and Ernest transfer pots from the doorstep to their minivan for delivery
JADE:
You'd think people had better things to gossip about. Three more sightings of the so-called private army police and things are getting more and more out of hand. My god.
Ernest drops a vase and it shatters. He walks away to get a broom. He arrives back with a broom and a dustpan. He starts sweeping the fine parts and picking up the bigger parts.
JADE:
Our clay gets more and more brittle every year. I hope Ray still gets to go on with the family enterprise in this situation.
ERNEST:
I think I want something else for him. I don't want him stuck here like me. Especially with the one-kid policy, it wouldn't be easy for him to manage this alone, with no brothers or sisters to help him.
SEQ 02 INT RAY'S BEDROOM SIMULTANEOUSLY
Grace fingers the pregnancy test kit. CU of the PT kit showing a positive. She sobs and the baby sobs with her. Grace hushes up, rocks the baby until he stops sobbing. She takes a brown bottle from a cabinet and examines it.
SEQ 03 INT MUSIC ROOM 14 YEARS LATER, AFTERNOON
May practices for her piano recital. She commits a mistake, stops right there and tries that specific measure again. CU of her keyboard attack.
SIR DICK:
There is a sharp on the third note there. And it's not supposed to be very heavily accented.
MAY:
Right, Sir thank you.
SEQ 04 INT ERNEST & GRACE'S LIVING ROOM AFTERNOON - FLASHBACK
Grace is seated on the living room with May. May sobs, and looks down on the floor. She looks up to her mother, tears glistening in her eyes.
MAY:
(sobbing)
Why can't I be loved like Ray is loved? I cant feel loved here! I FEEL LIKE A DISEASE!!! It's not anybody's fault I don't have my both of my legs! It's me who should get even more attention! Why do you neglect me?!
GRACE:
(indifferently)
Somebody wanted this, of course. It wouldn't happen without somebody wanting it. Well, for your information, it was me. I never wanted you. YOU WERE A MISTAKE! Now you stay in the house and not go anywhere, OR YOU LEAVE PERMANENTLY!
SEQ 05 INT MUSIC ROOM AFTERNOON - BACK TO THE PRESENT
May pounds the piano seat. She makes the same mistake again.
MAY:
(sighing)
Urgh.
SIR DICK:
Take it easy, May; you still have four weeks before the recital. You'll be fine. I know it. Relax.
SEQ 06 INT MAY'S ROOM MORNING - FLASHBACK
May is locked in her room. She pounds on the door.
MAY:
(sobbing)
Why can't I go to school?! MOTHER! Please let me out, I want to go to school! Please! HAVE MERCY!!!
SEQ 07 INT MUSIC ROOM AFTERNOON - BACK TO THE PRESENT
May is already alone in the room. She continues practicing, skips the part she misses and goes on until she commits another mistake.
SEQ 08 INT LIVING ROOM MORNING - FLASHBACK
Tha family sits around. May's bags are packed and are beside her seat. She sobs.
GRACE:
You want to do what you want to do, huh? You wanna follow your dreams? You dare go against what we wanted? Then leave - YOU UNGRATEFUL CHILD!!!
SEQ 09 EXT AIRPORT MORNING - FLASHBACK
May, on her wheelchair, waits for boarding. Ray arrives with food. He hands them over.
RAY:
If you ever get hungry on the trip. Take extra care, sis. Here's the business card of the boarding school. They're waiting for you there. Grandma took care of everything.
MAY:
Tell her I'm grateful, and that I love her. I love you too, brother.
RAY:
Till we meet again, sis. Take care of yourself. I love you. Keep the faith.
V.O.: PUBLIC ADDRESS ANNOUNCING BOARDING
SEQ 10 INT MUSIC ROOM AFTERNOON - BACK TO THE PRESENT
May smiles; she gets it correctly the second time. She proceeds with the song.
SEQ 11 INT FUNCTION HALL NIGHT - FLASHBACK
May, in her wheelchair, moves to the stage with other foreign students. People come forward and shake their hands.
SEQ 12 INT CLASSROOM AFTERNOON - FLASHBACK
May answers to the instructor's question.
MAY:
...With that in mind, Sir, we can absolutely say that the incident brought some fruit to the family. They may never have the money back, but the situation brought them closer together as a family and strengthened their bond. It also brought them closer to God - and that, I think, is far more important than the money they lost.
INSTRUCTOR:
Thank you, May, that was well said.
SEQ 13 INT AUDITORIUM NIGHT - FLASHBACK
May, in her graduation gown, moves to Sir Dick and offers her hand. Sir Dick accepts and shakes it vigorously.
SIR DICK:
Congratulations May, you made it. But don't forget about our piano recital next month, OK? I count on you to show them all the our music department rocks.
MAY:
Of course, Sir, after everything you did for me, you have my word that I'd do my best for that night.
SEQ 14 INT MUSIC ROOM AFTERNOON - PRESENT
May finishes practicing, tidies up and moves out, smiling.
MAY:
(to herself)
There still is time. Four weeks to go.
SEQ 15 INT FUNCTION HALL NIGHT - ONE MONTH LATER
May plays fantasie impromptu on the piano. She nears the end and happiness radiates on her face. She finishes with a powerful accent in the last few notes. She closes her eyes and smiles.
(applause)
Sunday, January 10, 2010
LGU E-Procurement
Initially, the EPS will serve as the official system for public bidding opportunities by the government of the Philippines, Procurement Service and other Government Agencies to advertise and distribute specifications. In the future the system will be extended to support other aspects of the procurement process including direct purchases, bid submissions, central accreditation and payments.
The GEPS, the Government Electronic Procurement System originated from the Procurement Service-Department of Budget and Management.
The GEPS represents the government of the Philippines' first step towards electronic procurement practices that will provide both government agencies and suppliers a more open, transparent and competitive environment for the procurement of goods and general support services, civil works and consulting services by the Government. Click here for more information. Initially, the EPS will serve as the official system for public bidding opportunities by the government of the Philippines, Procurement Service and other Government Agencies to advertise and distribute specifications. In the future the system will be extended to support other aspects of the procurement process including direct purchases, bid submissions, central accreditation and payments.
The GEPS, the Government Electronic Procurement System originated from the Procurement Service-Department of Budget and Management.
The GEPS represents the government of the Philippines' first step towards electronic procurement practices that will provide both government agencies and suppliers a more open, transparent and competitive environment for the procurement of goods and general support services, civil works and consulting services by the Government. Click here for more information.
For Suppliers
The GEPS offers direct access to government opportunities from one easy to use site. Suppliers can register directly on the system and have access to all opportunities and specifications. They will also be able to take advantage of the GEPS bid matching service and be automatically notified of new opportunities matching their profile. To start using the GEPS, register now.
For Government Agencies
Initially, the EPS will serve as the official system for public bidding opportunities by the government of the Philippines, Procurement Service and other Government Agencies to advertise and distribute specifications. In the future the system will be extended to support other aspects of the procurement process including direct purchases, bid submissions, central accreditation and payments. The GEPS, the Government Electronic Procurement System originated from the Procurement Service-Department of Budget and Management. The GEPS represents the government of the Philippines' first step towards electronic procurement practices that will provide both government agencies and suppliers a more open, transparent and competitive environment for the procurement of goods and general support services, civil works and consulting services by the Government. Click here for more information. For Suppliers The GEPS offers direct access to government opportunities from one easy to use site. Suppliers can register directly on the system and have access to all opportunities and specifications. They will also be able to take advantage of the GEPS bid matching service and be automatically notified of new opportunities matching their profile. To start using the GEPS, register now. For Government Agencies The GEPS provides the platform to post all your notices and specifications on the Internet and give you direct access to the supplier community. To participate on the GEPS, agencies need to register with Procurement Service. Interested agencies can contact Procurement Service by telephone at (632) 900-5232 or (632) 900-5234, by e-mail, or by fax at (632) 900-5239.
The GEPS provides the platform to post all your notices and specifications on the Internet and give you direct access to the supplier community. To participate on the GEPS, agencies need to register with Procurement Service. Interested agencies can contact Procurement Service by telephone at (632) 900-5232 or (632) 900-5234, by e-mail, or by fax at (632) 900-5239.
For Suppliers
The GEPS offers direct access to government opportunities from one easy to use site. Suppliers can register directly on the system and have access to all opportunities and specifications. They will also be able to take advantage of the GEPS bid matching service and be automatically notified of new opportunities matching their profile. To start using the GEPS, register now.
For Government Agencies
The GEPS provides the platform to post all your notices and specifications on the Internet and give you direct access to the supplier community. To participate on the GEPS, agencies need to register with Procurement Service. Interested agencies can contact Procurement Service by telephone at (632) 900-5232 or (632) 900-5234, by e-mail, or by fax at (632) 900-5239.
The GEPS, the Government Electronic Procurement System originated from the Procurement Service-Department of Budget and Management.
The GEPS represents the government of the Philippines' first step towards electronic procurement practices that will provide both government agencies and suppliers a more open, transparent and competitive environment for the procurement of goods and general support services, civil works and consulting services by the Government. Click here for more information. Initially, the EPS will serve as the official system for public bidding opportunities by the government of the Philippines, Procurement Service and other Government Agencies to advertise and distribute specifications. In the future the system will be extended to support other aspects of the procurement process including direct purchases, bid submissions, central accreditation and payments.
The GEPS, the Government Electronic Procurement System originated from the Procurement Service-Department of Budget and Management.
The GEPS represents the government of the Philippines' first step towards electronic procurement practices that will provide both government agencies and suppliers a more open, transparent and competitive environment for the procurement of goods and general support services, civil works and consulting services by the Government. Click here for more information.
For Suppliers
The GEPS offers direct access to government opportunities from one easy to use site. Suppliers can register directly on the system and have access to all opportunities and specifications. They will also be able to take advantage of the GEPS bid matching service and be automatically notified of new opportunities matching their profile. To start using the GEPS, register now.
For Government Agencies
Initially, the EPS will serve as the official system for public bidding opportunities by the government of the Philippines, Procurement Service and other Government Agencies to advertise and distribute specifications. In the future the system will be extended to support other aspects of the procurement process including direct purchases, bid submissions, central accreditation and payments. The GEPS, the Government Electronic Procurement System originated from the Procurement Service-Department of Budget and Management. The GEPS represents the government of the Philippines' first step towards electronic procurement practices that will provide both government agencies and suppliers a more open, transparent and competitive environment for the procurement of goods and general support services, civil works and consulting services by the Government. Click here for more information. For Suppliers The GEPS offers direct access to government opportunities from one easy to use site. Suppliers can register directly on the system and have access to all opportunities and specifications. They will also be able to take advantage of the GEPS bid matching service and be automatically notified of new opportunities matching their profile. To start using the GEPS, register now. For Government Agencies The GEPS provides the platform to post all your notices and specifications on the Internet and give you direct access to the supplier community. To participate on the GEPS, agencies need to register with Procurement Service. Interested agencies can contact Procurement Service by telephone at (632) 900-5232 or (632) 900-5234, by e-mail, or by fax at (632) 900-5239.
The GEPS provides the platform to post all your notices and specifications on the Internet and give you direct access to the supplier community. To participate on the GEPS, agencies need to register with Procurement Service. Interested agencies can contact Procurement Service by telephone at (632) 900-5232 or (632) 900-5234, by e-mail, or by fax at (632) 900-5239.
For Suppliers
The GEPS offers direct access to government opportunities from one easy to use site. Suppliers can register directly on the system and have access to all opportunities and specifications. They will also be able to take advantage of the GEPS bid matching service and be automatically notified of new opportunities matching their profile. To start using the GEPS, register now.
For Government Agencies
The GEPS provides the platform to post all your notices and specifications on the Internet and give you direct access to the supplier community. To participate on the GEPS, agencies need to register with Procurement Service. Interested agencies can contact Procurement Service by telephone at (632) 900-5232 or (632) 900-5234, by e-mail, or by fax at (632) 900-5239.
Thursday, January 7, 2010
reading number 2 (Environmental Science MidTerm)
Actual Article: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2009/ucm190513.htm
Monday, December 14, 2009
Satellite TV
Satellite Television
Satellite television is television delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by a satellite dish and set-top box. In many areas of the world it provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers.
Satellite television is television delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by a satellite dish and set-top box. In many areas of the world it provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers.
When satellite television first hit the market in the early 1990s, home dishes were expensive metal units that took up a huge chunk of yard space. In these early years, only the most die-hard TV fans would go through all the hassle and expense of putting in their own dish. Satellite TV was a lot harder to get than broadcast and cable TV.
Today, you see compact satellite dishes perched on rooftops all over the United States. Drive through rural areas beyond the reach of the cable companies, and you'll find dishes on just about every house. The major satellite TV companies are luring in more consumers every day with movies, sporting events and news from around the world and the promise of movie-quality picture and sound. Satellite TV offers many solutions to broadcast and cable TV problems. Though satellite TV technology is still evolving, it has already become a popular choice for many TV viewers.
Conceptually, satellite TV is a lot like broadcast TV. It's a wireless system for delivering television programming directly to a viewer's house. Both broadcast television and satellite stations transmit programming via a radio signal. Broadcast stations use a powerful antenna to transmit radio waves to the surrounding area. Viewers can pick up the signal with a much smaller antenna. The main limitation of broadcast TV is range.
The radio signals used to broadcast television shoot out from the broadcast antenna in a straight line. In order to receive these signals, you have to be in the direct line of sight of the antenna. Small obstacles like trees or small buildings aren't a problem; but a big obstacle, such as the Earth, will reflect these radio waves. If the Earth were perfectly flat, you could pick up broadcast TV thousands of miles from the source. But because the planet is curved, it eventually breaks the signal's line of sight.
The other problem with broadcast TV is that the signal is often distorted, even in the viewing area. To get a perfectly clear signal like you find on cable, you have to be pretty close to the broadcast antenna without too many obstacles in the way.
The Satellite TV Solution
Satellite TV solves the problems of range and distortion by transmitting broadcast signals from satellites orbiting the Earth. Since satellites are high in the sky, there are a lot more customers in the line of sight. Satellite TV systems transmit and receive radio signals using specialized antennas called satellite dishes.
Satellite TV solves the problems of range and distortion by transmitting broadcast signals from satellites orbiting the Earth. Since satellites are high in the sky, there are a lot more customers in the line of sight. Satellite TV systems transmit and receive radio signals using specialized antennas called satellite dishes.
Satellites are higher in the sky than TV antennas, so they have a much larger line of sight range.
The TV satellites are all in geosynchronous orbit, meaning that they stay in one place in the sky relative to the Earth. Each satellite is launched into space at about 7,000 mph (11,000 kph), reaching approximately 22,200 miles (35,700 km) above the Earth. At this speed and altitude, the satellite will revolve around the planet once every 24 hours -- the same period of time it takes the Earth to make one full rotation. In other words, the satellite keeps pace with our moving planet exactly. This way, you only have to direct the dish at the satellite once, and from then on it picks up the signal without adjustment, at least when everything works right.
Satellite TV System
Early satellite TV viewers were explorers of sorts. They used their expensive dishes to discover unique programming that wasn't necessarily intended for mass audiences. The dish and receiving equipment gave viewers the tools to pick up foreign stations, live feeds between different broadcast stations and a lot of other stuff transmitted using satellites.
Some satellite owners still seek out this sort of programming on their own, but today, most satellite TV customers get their programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider, such as DirecTV or DISH Network. The provider selects programs and broadcasts them to subscribers as a set package. Basically, the provider's goal is to bring dozens or even hundreds of channels to your TV in a form that approximates the competition, cable TV.
Unlike earlier programming, the provider's broadcast is completely digital, which means it has much better picture and sound quality. Early satellite television was broadcast in C-band radio -- radio in the 3.7-gigahertz (GHz) to 6.4-GHz frequency range. Digital broadcast satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (11.7 GHz to 14.5 GHz ).
The Components
There are five major components involved in a direct to home (DTH) or direct broadcasting (DBS) satellite system: the programming source, the broadcast center, the satellite, the satellite dish and the receiver.
Programming sources are simply the channels that provide programming for broadcast. The provider doesn't create original programming itself; it pays other companies (HBO, for example, or ESPN) for the right to broadcast their content via satellite. In this way, the provider is kind of like a broker between you and the actual programming sources. (Cable TV companies work on the same principle.)
The broadcast center is the central hub of the system. At the broadcast center, the TV provider receives signals from various programming sources and beams a broadcast signal to satellites in geosynchronous orbit.
The satellites receive the signals from the broadcast station and rebroadcast them to Earth.
The viewer's dish picks up the signal from the satellite (or multiple satellites in the same part of the sky) and passes it on to the receiver in the viewer's house.
The receiver processes the signal and passes it on to a standard TV.
Satellite TV Programming
Satellite TV providers get programming from two major sources: national turnaround channels (such as HBO, ESPN and CNN) and various local channels (the ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC and PBS affiliates in a particular area). Most of the turnaround channels also provide programming for cable TV, and the local channels typically broadcast their programming over the airwaves. Turnaround channels usually have a distribution center that beams their programming to a geosynchronous satellite. The broadcast center uses large satellite dishes to pick up these analog and digital signals from several sources.
Most local stations don't transmit their programming to satellites, so the provider has to get it another way.
The broadcast center converts all of this programming into a high-quality, uncompressed digital stream. At this point, the stream contains a vast quantity of data -- about 270 megabits per second (Mbps) for each channel. In order to transmit the signal from there, the broadcast center has to compress it. Otherwise, it would be too big for the satellite to handle.
Cable: Satellite's Biggest Contender
With emerging technologies in each service, the hardest decision in TV viewing is no longer just what channel to watch -- it's what service to choose.
CABLE Advantages
Cable : Advancements in digital cable provide improved audio and picture quality with additional channels at a lower cost than satellite. You can also access cable channels from multiple rooms in your house fairly easily.
CABLE Disadvantages
Cable : Cable has limited access in rural areas, and you should prepare for increased service costs as your provider updates its equipment. Your service costs are also subject to local taxes.
SATELLITE Advantages
Satellite : Satellite offers movie-quality audio and picture display with hundreds of channels. This service is readily available in rural and urban areas and provides access to more digital and high definition programming.
SATELLITE Disadvantages
Satellite : It is expensive to purchase all the equipment at the outset (and you can't typically rent it). If you want to access satellite TV in multiple rooms, be prepared for extra fees. Also, satellite TV is subject to weather-related malfunctions.
Satellite TV Signal
Satellite signals have a pretty long path to follow before they appear on your TV screen in the form of your favorite TV show. Because satellite signals contain such high-quality digital data, it would be impossible to transmit them without compression. Compression simply means that unnecessary or repetitive information is removed from the signal before it is transmitted. The signal is reconstructed after transmission.
Satellite Dish
When the signal reaches the viewer's house, it is captured by the satellite dish. A satellite dish is just a special kind of antenna designed to focus on a specific broadcast source. The standard dish consists of a parabolic (bowl-shaped) surface and a central feed horn. To transmit a signal, a controller sends it through the horn, and the dish focuses the signal into a relatively narrow beam.
The dish on the receiving end can't transmit information; it can only receive it. The receiving dish works in the exact opposite way of the transmitter. When a beam hits the curved dish, the parabola shape reflects the radio signal inward onto a particular point, just like a concave mirror focuses light onto a particular point.
Satellite Receiver
It de-scrambles the encrypted signal. It takes the digital MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 signal and converts it into an analog format that a standard television can recognize. It extracts the individual channels from the larger satellite signal. It keeps track of pay-per-view programs and periodically phones a computer at the provider's headquarters to communicate billing information.
The Black-and-White TV Signal
In a black-and-white TV, the screen is coated with white phosphor and the electron beam "paints" an image onto the screen by moving the electron beam across the phosphor a line at a time. To "paint" the entire screen, electronic circuits inside the TV use the magnetic coils to move the electron beam in a "raster scan" pattern across and down the screen.
Color TV Screen
A color TV screen differs from a black-and-white screen inthree ways:
o There are three electron beams that move simultaneously across the screen. They are named the red, green and blue beams.
o The screen is not coated with a single sheet of phosphor as in a black-and-white TV. Instead, the screen is coated with red, green and blue phosphors arranged in dots or stripes. If you turn on your TV or computer monitor and look closely at the screen with a magnifying glass, you will be able to see the dots or stripes.
o On the inside of the tube, very close to the phosphor coating, there is a thin metal screen called a shadow mask. This mask is perforated with very small holes that are aligned with the phosphor dots (or stripes) on the screen.
How does Satellite Television work?
Satellite TV works by broadcasting video and audio signals from geostationary satellites to satellite dishes on the Earth's surface. These geostationary satellites orbit the earth in a region of space known as the Clarke Belt, which is approximately 22,300 miles above the equator. Each of these satellites carries a number of transponders. These transponders each carry a signal back to the Earth. These signals are typically on C Band, Ku Band, or Ka Band. The band of a signal describes, in broad terms, the frequency of the signal. After travelling over twenty thousand miles, these signals are received by a satellite dish.
This dish can be as small as 18" across, or it can be 9‘ or larger across. The purpose of the dish is to act as a collector and a reflector. The dish collects the signal and reflects it towards the feedhorn. The feedhorn receives the reflected signal and sends it to the LNB. The LNB amplifies the signal and converts it to a frequency more suitable for transmission over a cable. In satellite terminology, that cable is known as the IFL. The LNB transmits the signal over the IFL to the satellite receiver. The satellite receiver then sends the signal to your television set.
Satellite television is television delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by a satellite dish and set-top box. In many areas of the world it provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers.
Satellite television is television delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by a satellite dish and set-top box. In many areas of the world it provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers.
When satellite television first hit the market in the early 1990s, home dishes were expensive metal units that took up a huge chunk of yard space. In these early years, only the most die-hard TV fans would go through all the hassle and expense of putting in their own dish. Satellite TV was a lot harder to get than broadcast and cable TV.
Today, you see compact satellite dishes perched on rooftops all over the United States. Drive through rural areas beyond the reach of the cable companies, and you'll find dishes on just about every house. The major satellite TV companies are luring in more consumers every day with movies, sporting events and news from around the world and the promise of movie-quality picture and sound. Satellite TV offers many solutions to broadcast and cable TV problems. Though satellite TV technology is still evolving, it has already become a popular choice for many TV viewers.
Conceptually, satellite TV is a lot like broadcast TV. It's a wireless system for delivering television programming directly to a viewer's house. Both broadcast television and satellite stations transmit programming via a radio signal. Broadcast stations use a powerful antenna to transmit radio waves to the surrounding area. Viewers can pick up the signal with a much smaller antenna. The main limitation of broadcast TV is range.
The radio signals used to broadcast television shoot out from the broadcast antenna in a straight line. In order to receive these signals, you have to be in the direct line of sight of the antenna. Small obstacles like trees or small buildings aren't a problem; but a big obstacle, such as the Earth, will reflect these radio waves. If the Earth were perfectly flat, you could pick up broadcast TV thousands of miles from the source. But because the planet is curved, it eventually breaks the signal's line of sight.
The other problem with broadcast TV is that the signal is often distorted, even in the viewing area. To get a perfectly clear signal like you find on cable, you have to be pretty close to the broadcast antenna without too many obstacles in the way.
The Satellite TV Solution
Satellite TV solves the problems of range and distortion by transmitting broadcast signals from satellites orbiting the Earth. Since satellites are high in the sky, there are a lot more customers in the line of sight. Satellite TV systems transmit and receive radio signals using specialized antennas called satellite dishes.
Satellite TV solves the problems of range and distortion by transmitting broadcast signals from satellites orbiting the Earth. Since satellites are high in the sky, there are a lot more customers in the line of sight. Satellite TV systems transmit and receive radio signals using specialized antennas called satellite dishes.
Satellites are higher in the sky than TV antennas, so they have a much larger line of sight range.
The TV satellites are all in geosynchronous orbit, meaning that they stay in one place in the sky relative to the Earth. Each satellite is launched into space at about 7,000 mph (11,000 kph), reaching approximately 22,200 miles (35,700 km) above the Earth. At this speed and altitude, the satellite will revolve around the planet once every 24 hours -- the same period of time it takes the Earth to make one full rotation. In other words, the satellite keeps pace with our moving planet exactly. This way, you only have to direct the dish at the satellite once, and from then on it picks up the signal without adjustment, at least when everything works right.
Satellite TV System
Early satellite TV viewers were explorers of sorts. They used their expensive dishes to discover unique programming that wasn't necessarily intended for mass audiences. The dish and receiving equipment gave viewers the tools to pick up foreign stations, live feeds between different broadcast stations and a lot of other stuff transmitted using satellites.
Some satellite owners still seek out this sort of programming on their own, but today, most satellite TV customers get their programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider, such as DirecTV or DISH Network. The provider selects programs and broadcasts them to subscribers as a set package. Basically, the provider's goal is to bring dozens or even hundreds of channels to your TV in a form that approximates the competition, cable TV.
Unlike earlier programming, the provider's broadcast is completely digital, which means it has much better picture and sound quality. Early satellite television was broadcast in C-band radio -- radio in the 3.7-gigahertz (GHz) to 6.4-GHz frequency range. Digital broadcast satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (11.7 GHz to 14.5 GHz ).
The Components
There are five major components involved in a direct to home (DTH) or direct broadcasting (DBS) satellite system: the programming source, the broadcast center, the satellite, the satellite dish and the receiver.
Programming sources are simply the channels that provide programming for broadcast. The provider doesn't create original programming itself; it pays other companies (HBO, for example, or ESPN) for the right to broadcast their content via satellite. In this way, the provider is kind of like a broker between you and the actual programming sources. (Cable TV companies work on the same principle.)
The broadcast center is the central hub of the system. At the broadcast center, the TV provider receives signals from various programming sources and beams a broadcast signal to satellites in geosynchronous orbit.
The satellites receive the signals from the broadcast station and rebroadcast them to Earth.
The viewer's dish picks up the signal from the satellite (or multiple satellites in the same part of the sky) and passes it on to the receiver in the viewer's house.
The receiver processes the signal and passes it on to a standard TV.
Satellite TV Programming
Satellite TV providers get programming from two major sources: national turnaround channels (such as HBO, ESPN and CNN) and various local channels (the ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC and PBS affiliates in a particular area). Most of the turnaround channels also provide programming for cable TV, and the local channels typically broadcast their programming over the airwaves. Turnaround channels usually have a distribution center that beams their programming to a geosynchronous satellite. The broadcast center uses large satellite dishes to pick up these analog and digital signals from several sources.
Most local stations don't transmit their programming to satellites, so the provider has to get it another way.
The broadcast center converts all of this programming into a high-quality, uncompressed digital stream. At this point, the stream contains a vast quantity of data -- about 270 megabits per second (Mbps) for each channel. In order to transmit the signal from there, the broadcast center has to compress it. Otherwise, it would be too big for the satellite to handle.
Cable: Satellite's Biggest Contender
With emerging technologies in each service, the hardest decision in TV viewing is no longer just what channel to watch -- it's what service to choose.
CABLE Advantages
Cable : Advancements in digital cable provide improved audio and picture quality with additional channels at a lower cost than satellite. You can also access cable channels from multiple rooms in your house fairly easily.
CABLE Disadvantages
Cable : Cable has limited access in rural areas, and you should prepare for increased service costs as your provider updates its equipment. Your service costs are also subject to local taxes.
SATELLITE Advantages
Satellite : Satellite offers movie-quality audio and picture display with hundreds of channels. This service is readily available in rural and urban areas and provides access to more digital and high definition programming.
SATELLITE Disadvantages
Satellite : It is expensive to purchase all the equipment at the outset (and you can't typically rent it). If you want to access satellite TV in multiple rooms, be prepared for extra fees. Also, satellite TV is subject to weather-related malfunctions.
Satellite TV Signal
Satellite signals have a pretty long path to follow before they appear on your TV screen in the form of your favorite TV show. Because satellite signals contain such high-quality digital data, it would be impossible to transmit them without compression. Compression simply means that unnecessary or repetitive information is removed from the signal before it is transmitted. The signal is reconstructed after transmission.
Satellite Dish
When the signal reaches the viewer's house, it is captured by the satellite dish. A satellite dish is just a special kind of antenna designed to focus on a specific broadcast source. The standard dish consists of a parabolic (bowl-shaped) surface and a central feed horn. To transmit a signal, a controller sends it through the horn, and the dish focuses the signal into a relatively narrow beam.
The dish on the receiving end can't transmit information; it can only receive it. The receiving dish works in the exact opposite way of the transmitter. When a beam hits the curved dish, the parabola shape reflects the radio signal inward onto a particular point, just like a concave mirror focuses light onto a particular point.
Satellite Receiver
It de-scrambles the encrypted signal. It takes the digital MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 signal and converts it into an analog format that a standard television can recognize. It extracts the individual channels from the larger satellite signal. It keeps track of pay-per-view programs and periodically phones a computer at the provider's headquarters to communicate billing information.
The Black-and-White TV Signal
In a black-and-white TV, the screen is coated with white phosphor and the electron beam "paints" an image onto the screen by moving the electron beam across the phosphor a line at a time. To "paint" the entire screen, electronic circuits inside the TV use the magnetic coils to move the electron beam in a "raster scan" pattern across and down the screen.
Color TV Screen
A color TV screen differs from a black-and-white screen inthree ways:
o There are three electron beams that move simultaneously across the screen. They are named the red, green and blue beams.
o The screen is not coated with a single sheet of phosphor as in a black-and-white TV. Instead, the screen is coated with red, green and blue phosphors arranged in dots or stripes. If you turn on your TV or computer monitor and look closely at the screen with a magnifying glass, you will be able to see the dots or stripes.
o On the inside of the tube, very close to the phosphor coating, there is a thin metal screen called a shadow mask. This mask is perforated with very small holes that are aligned with the phosphor dots (or stripes) on the screen.
How does Satellite Television work?
Satellite TV works by broadcasting video and audio signals from geostationary satellites to satellite dishes on the Earth's surface. These geostationary satellites orbit the earth in a region of space known as the Clarke Belt, which is approximately 22,300 miles above the equator. Each of these satellites carries a number of transponders. These transponders each carry a signal back to the Earth. These signals are typically on C Band, Ku Band, or Ka Band. The band of a signal describes, in broad terms, the frequency of the signal. After travelling over twenty thousand miles, these signals are received by a satellite dish.
This dish can be as small as 18" across, or it can be 9‘ or larger across. The purpose of the dish is to act as a collector and a reflector. The dish collects the signal and reflects it towards the feedhorn. The feedhorn receives the reflected signal and sends it to the LNB. The LNB amplifies the signal and converts it to a frequency more suitable for transmission over a cable. In satellite terminology, that cable is known as the IFL. The LNB transmits the signal over the IFL to the satellite receiver. The satellite receiver then sends the signal to your television set.
Monday, December 7, 2009
for GenSci 3
University of Saint La Salle
Bacolod City
College of Arts and Sciences
An Environmental Science Reading in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Course General Science III - Environmental Science
Submitted by:
Jim Austin M. Tolentino
ABCO2
Submitted to:
Dr. Jessica Villarosa
GenSci 3
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091109142129.htm
Bacolod City
College of Arts and Sciences
An Environmental Science Reading in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Course General Science III - Environmental Science
Submitted by:
Jim Austin M. Tolentino
ABCO2
Submitted to:
Dr. Jessica Villarosa
GenSci 3
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091109142129.htm
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